In kinesics (the study of body language), Calypsis is the act of covering or concealing certain body parts of one's own body. It's basically a closed, negative and/or defensive body language, that is used to convey emotions like fear, discomfort, disapproval, etc.
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Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Paul Ekman and W V Friesen, in the 1970s, developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). It is a way to measure, describe, and interpret facial behaviours. It has been designed to measure even the slightest facial muscle contractions and determine what category or categories each facial action fits into. It can detect what the naked eye can't and is used by law enforcement agencies, film animators, and researchers of human behaviour.
Did You Know???
The TV series Lie to Me, which premiered on Fox network in January 2009, is based on the principle of kinesics. In the series, Lightman Group, headed by Dr. Cal Lightman, a psychologist specializing in body language, assists in crime investigation through the concept of facial expressions (alias the Facial Action Coding System) and body language.
Premise: If there is an inconsistency between the verbal message (i.e., what is said) and the vocal and facial expressions (i.e., how it is said), we will rely primarily on the facial and the vocal cues for decoding the intended message. For example, in the case of sarcasm, while the message itself comprises positive words, the tone and manner in which the message is communicated is a dead giveaway.
Source: Nawal, M. (2011), Business Communication, Cengage Learning.
Premise: If there is an inconsistency between the verbal message (i.e., what is said) and the vocal and facial expressions (i.e., how it is said), we will rely primarily on the facial and the vocal cues for decoding the intended message. For example, in the case of sarcasm, while the message itself comprises positive words, the tone and manner in which the message is communicated is a dead giveaway.
Source: Nawal, M. (2011), Business Communication, Cengage Learning.
Types of body movements
There are 5 types of body movements:
1. Emblems
2. Illustrators
3. Affective displays
4. Regulators
5. Adaptors
1. Emblems
Emblems are body movements with specific verbal translations. They can be used as stand-alone modes of communication and need not be accompanied by a verbal message; for example, the hitchhiking sign, the thumbs-up or thumbs-down sign, and the hello/goodbye hand-waving. [Great when senders and receivers are at a distance. REMEMBER - Meanings may differ by cultures.]
2. Illustrators
Illustrators accompany speech and are used as illustrations in support of the verbal message. For example, when you instruct your driver to "turn left" and accompany it with your hand pointing left. They are more closely connected to speech compared with emblems and serve to clarify, emphasize, and accentuate speech.
3. Affective Displays
Affective displays are the movements - typically facial gestures - that convey specific emotions; for example, joy, elation, anger, and disgust. These would include movements such as raised eyebrows, narrowed eyes, wrinkled nose, twitching mouth, and quivering lips. These displays are more pronounced in certain cultures. For example, Italians (very expressive) vs. Japanese (not very expressive).
4. Regulators
Regulators are the movements that regulate or control the flow of conversation between the sender and the receiver. They also serve as a feedback for the sender and help him/her discern how much the listener has understood: for example, head nodding, eye movements, etc.
5. Adaptors
Adaptors are the movements that occur with limited awareness in posture or in other bodily movements. They primarily comprise body-focused movements, such as rubbing, touching, and scratching. Since these movements occur with little or no awareness, they serve as strong indicators of emotions, moods, and attitudes. However, it is important to rememebr that certain adaptor movement may occur simply to relieve physical discomfort: for example, shifting in one's seat or shifting one's weight while standing.
Source: Nawal, M. (2011), Business Communication, Cengage Learning.
1. Emblems
2. Illustrators
3. Affective displays
4. Regulators
5. Adaptors
1. Emblems
Emblems are body movements with specific verbal translations. They can be used as stand-alone modes of communication and need not be accompanied by a verbal message; for example, the hitchhiking sign, the thumbs-up or thumbs-down sign, and the hello/goodbye hand-waving. [Great when senders and receivers are at a distance. REMEMBER - Meanings may differ by cultures.]
2. Illustrators
Illustrators accompany speech and are used as illustrations in support of the verbal message. For example, when you instruct your driver to "turn left" and accompany it with your hand pointing left. They are more closely connected to speech compared with emblems and serve to clarify, emphasize, and accentuate speech.
3. Affective Displays
Affective displays are the movements - typically facial gestures - that convey specific emotions; for example, joy, elation, anger, and disgust. These would include movements such as raised eyebrows, narrowed eyes, wrinkled nose, twitching mouth, and quivering lips. These displays are more pronounced in certain cultures. For example, Italians (very expressive) vs. Japanese (not very expressive).
4. Regulators
Regulators are the movements that regulate or control the flow of conversation between the sender and the receiver. They also serve as a feedback for the sender and help him/her discern how much the listener has understood: for example, head nodding, eye movements, etc.
5. Adaptors
Adaptors are the movements that occur with limited awareness in posture or in other bodily movements. They primarily comprise body-focused movements, such as rubbing, touching, and scratching. Since these movements occur with little or no awareness, they serve as strong indicators of emotions, moods, and attitudes. However, it is important to rememebr that certain adaptor movement may occur simply to relieve physical discomfort: for example, shifting in one's seat or shifting one's weight while standing.
Source: Nawal, M. (2011), Business Communication, Cengage Learning.
Collar Pull
Telling a lie causes a tingling sensation in the delicate facial and neck tissues and a rub or scratch, is required to satisfy it. This is why some people use collar pull gesture, when they tell a lie and suspect that they have been caught out. It is also used when a person is feeling angry or frustrated and needs to pull the collar away from his neck in an attempt to let the cool air circulate around it.
Neck Scratch
The index finger of the writing hand scratches below the earlobe, or may even scratch the side of the neck. This gesture is a signal of doubt or uncertainty and is a characteristic of the person who says, 'I'm not sure'.
Ear rub
This is an attempt to 'hear no evil' in trying to block the words by putting the hand around or over the ear. This is the sophesticated adult version of the hands-over-both-ears gesture used by the young child, who wants to block out the parent's reprimands. This gesture is a signal that the person has heard enough or may want to speak.
Eye Rub
This gesture is the brain's attempt to block out the deceit, doubt or lie that it sees or to avoid having to look at the face of the person to whom he is telling the lie. 'Lying through your teeth' is a common phrase. It refers to a gesture cluster of clenched teeth and a false smile, combined with the eye rub gesture and an averted gaze.
Nose Touching Gesture
The nose touch gesture is sophesticated, disguised version of the mouth guard gesture. It may consist of several light rubs below the nose or it may be one quick, almost imperceptible touch. Some women use this gesture with small discrete strokes to avoid smudging their make-up. There are various explanations to this gesture:when a negative thought enters the mind, the subconscious instructs the hand to cover the mouth, but to appear not so obvious, the gesture is changed to a light rub on the nose. Lying causes the delicate nerve endings to tingle and the rubbing action takes place to satisfy this feeling.
Mouth Guard Gesture
Mouth guard gesture is identified as the hands pressed against the mouth, with the thumb pressing against the cheek as the brain subconsciously instructs it to try and suppress the deceitful words that are being said. Many people try to disguise the mouth guard gesture by giving a fake cough. If the person who is speaking uses this gesture, it indicates that he is telling a lie. If however, he covers his mouth while you are speaking, it indicates that he feels you are lying.
Shaking Thumb
The thumb can also be used as a signal of ridicule or disrespect when it is used to point at another person. For example, the husband who leans across to his friend points toward his wife with a closed fist thumb gesture and says, 'Women are all the same, you know', is inviting an argument with his wife. In this case, the shaking thumb is used as a pointer to ridicule the unfortunate woman. Consequently, thumb-pointing is irritating to most women, particularly when a man does it. The shaking thumb is less common among women, although they sometimes use the gesture at their husbands or at people they don't like. Thumbs Up Position
Arms folded with thumbs pointing upwards is another popular thumb gesture position. This is a double signal being that of a defensive or negative attitude (folded arms) plus a superior attitude (displayed by the thumbs). The person using this double gesture usually gesticulates with his or her thumbs.Thumbs Protruding from Back Pocket
Thumbs often protrude from people's pockets, sometimes from the back pockets in a secretive manner as if trying to hide the person's dominant attitude.
Waistcoat Thruster
The display of thumb denotes the strength of character and ego. They are used to express superiority and dominance or sometimes even aggression. They are apparently positive signals often used in the typical pose of the 'cool' manager who uses them in the presence of his subordinates. Even a courting man uses them in the presence of a potential female partner and it is most common among people who have a high status or new clothes.Humble Opinion
The thumbs which display superiority, become most obvious when a person gives a contradictory verbal message. Take for example a lawyer who turns to the jury in a soft, low voice and says, "In my humble opinion, ladies and gentlemen of the jury...' while displaying dominant thumb gestures and tilting back his head to 'look down his nose'. This makes the jury feel the lawyer is insecure, even pompous. Upper Arm Grip Gesture
Interestingly, the further the hand is moved up the back, the angrier the person has become. It is this type of gesture that has given rise to expressions like, "get a good grip on yourself".
Hand Gripping Wrists
The hand-gripping-wrist gesture is a signal of frustration and an attempt at self-control. In this caseone hand grips the other wrist or arm very tightly as if it is an attempt by one arm to prevent the other from striking out. Superiority Confidence Gesture
This gesture allows the person to expose his vulnerable stomach, heart and throat regions to others in an unconscious act of fearlessness. Our own experience shows that if you take this position when you take this position when you are in a high stress situation, such as being interviewed by newspaper reporters or simply waiting outside a dentist's surgery, you will feel quite relaxed, confident and even authoritative.Lower Steeple
When the steepler is listening rather than speaking then the lowered steeple gesture is used. Usually, women tend to use the lowered steeple position more often than the raised steeple position. When the raised steeple is taken with the head tilted back, the person assumes an air of smugness or arrogance. Although the steeple gesture is a positive signal, it can be used in either positive or negative circumstances and may be interpreted.Raised Steeple
Managers use this gesture to give instructions or advice to subordinates. This gesture has two positions: the raised and the lowered steeple. The raised steeple is normally taken when a person is giving his opinions or ideas and he is doing the talking. Rubbing Thumb Against Fingertips
Rubbing the thumb against the fingertips or against the index finger is commonly used as a money expectancy gesture. This is obviously a gesture that should be avoided by a professional when dealing with his clients.
Rubbing Palms Together
Rubbing the palms together is a way in which people non-verbally communicate positive expectation. The speed at which a person rubs his palms together signals whom he thinks will receive the positive results that are expected.
Should Hold
The shoulder hold (wherein the initiator places a hand on the receiver's shoulder while shaking hands) in a double-handed handshake conveys the same message but transmits more feelings than the upper arm grip. Upper arm grip and shoulder hold should be used only between people who experience a close emotional bond at the time of the handshake.
Upper Arm Grip
The upper arm grip enters the receiver's close intimate zone and may involve actual body contact, wherein the initator places a hand on the receivers arm while shaking hands. Unless the extra feeling is mutual or the initiator does not have a good reason for using a double-handed handshake, the receiver will become suspicious and mistrust the initiator's intentions. It is quite common to see politicians greeting voters and sales people meeting their new customers with a double-handed handshake without realizing that this can be a social suicide, putting off the receiver.Elbow Grasp
The elbow grasp in a double-handed handshake conveys the same message but transmits more feelings than the the wrist hold. Same as in the case of a wrist hold, the elbow grasp is acceptable only between close friends and relatives.
Wrist Hold
A double-handed handshake intends to show sincerity, trust or depth of feeling towards the receiver. In the wrist hold, the initiator's left hand makes an invasion of the receiver's intimate and close intimate zones. In general, this hold is acceptable only between close friends and relatives and in these cases the initator's left hand penetrates the receiver's intimate zone.
Arm-Pull Handshake
Pulling the receiver into the initiator's territory can mean one of the two things: (1) the initiator is an insecure person who feels safe only within his own personal space; or (2) the initiator is from a culture that has a small intimate zone and he is behaving normally. Hence, in this case it is important to judge which of the two are the reason for the Arm-Pull handshake.
Fingertrip Grab
The fingertip grab is like the stiff arm thrust that has missed the mark; the user mistakenly grabs the other person's fingers. Even though the initiator may appear to have a keen and enthusiastic attitude toward the receiver, in fact, he lacks confidence in himself.
Stiff arm thrust
It tends to be used by aggressive types and its main purpose is to keep you at a distance and out of the initiator's intimate zone. They quite literally want to keep you at a distance. This also could be behind the popular phrase - "at an arm's length".
Glove/Politicians Handshake
The glove handshake (when we use both our hands to shake hands with somebody) is sometimes called the politician's handshake. The initiator tries to give the receiver the impression that he is trustworthy and honest, but when this technique is used on a person he has just met, it has the reverse effect. The receiver feels suspicious and cautious about the initiator's intentions. It should be used only amongst people who are well-acquanited.
Knuckle Grinder
Dead Fish Handshake
This gesture is very uninviting as the hand is cold and clammy. The soft, placid feel of the dead fish makes it universally unpopular and most people relate it a weak character, mainly because of the ease with which the palm can be turned up.
Palm Down Thrust
The palm down thrust is certainly the most aggressive handshake style as it gives the receiver little chance of establishing an equal relationship. This handshake is typical of the aggressive, dominant individual who always initiates it and the stiff arm with the palm facing directly downwards forces the receiver into the submissive position because he/she has to respond with his/her palm facing up (or the submissive stance).
Proper Handshake
When two dominant people shake hands, a symbolic struggle takes place as each person tries to turn the other's palm into the submissive position. The result is a vice-like handshake with both palms remaining in the vertical position as each person transmits a feeling of respect and rapport to the other.Submissive Handshake
Just as the downward palm is indicative of dominance; the palm up gesture is used to show submission to the other. This can be particularly effective when you want to give the other person control or allow him to feel that he is in command of the situation.
Dominant Handshake
If you want to understand who has the power in an encounter between two individuals, observe the way in which they shake hands. Dominance, during a handshake, is transmitted by turning the hand in such a manner that the palm faces downward. The palm need not be facing the floor directly, but should be facing downwards in relation to the other person's palm and it tells the other person that one wishes to take control in the encounter that follows.
Palm Power
Palms can convey anything from submission to authority.
Palm facing up is used as a submissive, non-threatening gesture, reminiscent of the pleading gesture of a street beggar. When the palm is turned to face downwards, you will have immediate authority. The palm closed into a fist and the and the pointed finger become a symbolic club with which the speaker figuratively beats his listener, into submission
Open Palms
Haven't you wondered why oaths are taken with the palm over the heart or why we swear with our palms held up in the court of law as a symbol of our honorary and truthful intentions. An open palm is associated with truth, honesty, allegiance and submission. And one of the best way of discovering whether someone is being open and honest or not is to look for palm displays.
Hence, the next time your husband/boyfriend tells you something, remember to look at his palms.
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